Método científico y
análisis de datos en ecología
Noviembre 2008
Luis M.
Carrascal
Dept. Biodiversidad y Biología
Evolutiva
Museo
Nacional de Ciencias Naturales
Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2. 28006 Madrid. SPAIN
Literatura seleccionada:
* Hairston,
N.G. (1989). Ecological
Experiments: Purpose, Design and Execution.
* Underwood, A.J. (1997). Experiments
in ecology: their logical design and interpretation using analysis of variance.
* Scheiner, S.M.; Gurevitch,
J. (2001). Design
and analysis of ecological experiments.
* Quinn, G.P.; Keough, M.J. (2002). Experimental
design and data analysis for biologists.
* Keppel, G. (1991). Design
and analysis: a researcher’s handbook. Prentice Hall,
* Breiman, L. (1984). Classification
and Regression Trees. Chapman & Hall
*
* Hastie, T.J.; Tibshirani,
R.J. (1997). Generalized
Additive Models. Chapman & may.
* Maxwell, S.E.; Delaney, H.D. (1990). Designing
Experiments and Analyzing Data. A model comparison perspective. Wadsworth
Publishing Company, Belmont, CA. Nueva versión.
* Burnham, K.P.; Anderson, D. (2003). Model
Selection and Multi-Model Inference. Springer.
* Valencia, J.L.; Díaz-Llanos, F.J.
(2004). Métodos de Predicción en Situaciones Límite. Ed.
Examen de hipótesis, Hipótesis Nulas, Significación, Errores de
tipo I y II, elección de tests. Potencia de los tests
Elementary Concepts in Statistics [pdf]
P values and statistical
significance [pdf]
Errores
de tipo I y II [pdf]
The logic of Hypotesis
Testing
Null
hypothesis testing
Citations
Questioning the Indiscriminate Use of
Null Hypothesis Significance Tests in Observational Studies - Quotes
Regarding Hypothesis Testing
Presentación general
sobre estadística [pdf]
Trampas en los análisis de datos
[pdf]
Selected reprints by David R. Anderson
Choosing statistical tests [pdf]
Múltiples estimas
de probabilidad
Interpreting Nonsignificant
P values [pdf]
Resultados
no significativos en investigación [pdf] [pdf] [pdf] [pdf]
[pdf]
EXPLORACION DE PATRONES MEDIANTE REGRESION
Presentación
de conceptos (Wikipedia)
Regresión Múltiple
- StatSoft
Multiple
Regresión – NC State University
Diagnósticos de regression
– ¡haz
pruebas!, puntos
influyentes y leverage, distancia de Cook, DFFITS,
autocorrelación de residuos
A Primer on Interpreting Regression Models
On the misuse of residuals in ecology:
regression of residuals vs. multiple regression
Problemas
con el uso de residuos [pdf] [pdf]
Reducción de modelos: Mallows' Cp, [link]
Why do we
still use stepwise modelling in ecology and behaviour?
REGRESIÓN POR EL MÉTODO DE LOS MÍNIMOS CUADRADOS PARCIALES
Partial Least Squares - The Sage Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods
Partial Least Squares - StatSoft
PARTIAL LEAST SQUARES REGRESSION
Partial Least Squares (PLS) Regression. - H. Abdi
An Introduction to
Partial Least Squares Regression - Randall D. Tobias
An lnterpretation of Partial Least Squares - Paul H. Garthwaite
Partial Least Squares Regression
(PLSR) – Presentación y programa
on-line
Partial
least squares regression as an alternative to most currently used regression
methods in Ecology - (MS en revision)
Síntesis y presentación
general
Concepto de maximum likelihood
Generalized Linear Models (GLZ) – StatSoft
Logistic Regression
– NC State University
Generalized
linear and generalized additive models in studies of species distributions:
setting the scene – A. Guisan
Reducción de modelos: Akaike information criterion [link
o pdf] [pdf];
una síntesis de AIC
AIC
myths and misunderstandings
Avoiding
Pitfalls When Using Information-Theoritic Methods
Information
theory and hypothesis testing
Receiver
Operating Characteristic (ROC) [excelente link] [otros vínculos]
Generalized
Additive Models : Introduction
Generalized Additive Models (GAM) - StatSoft
Classification and Regression Trees - StatSoft
Classification And Regression Trees: An Introduction – Y. Yohannes & J. Hoddinott
An Introduction to Classification and Regression Tree (CART) Analysis – R. J. Lewis
Classification and
regression trees: a powerful yet simple technique for ecological data analysis
- G. DE’ATH & K. E. FABRICIUS
Classification
Tree / Decision Tree in Excel – Programa MS-Excel
para obtener árboles de clasificación
Comparación de los Árboles de Clasificación con
otras técnicas de regresión
SIMULACIONES DE HIPÓTESIS NULAS, REMUESTREO,
VALIDACIÓN
Null versus
neutral models: what’s the difference? – N.J. Gotelli
Resampling, Bootstrap, Jackknife,
Permutation tests – Bootstrap – Cross-validation - Monte Carlo method
Resampling
and Regression - Bob Andersen
Bootstrapping – David C. Howell
Permutation tests for
multi-factorial analysis of variance
Permutation tests
for linear models
The Bootstrap, Permutation Tests, Simulation - Susan Holmes
Resampling techniques for statistical modeling - Gianluca Bontempi
What are cross-validation and bootstrapping? - Warren Sarle
Bootstrapping Regression Models - John Fox
PopTools – MS-Excell add-in para simulaciones
EcoSim, null model software for ecologists
GENERALIDADES
Objetivos, diferentes modelos y situaciones de análisis, partición
de la varianza, interacciones, comparaciones ‘a priori’ y ‘a posteriori’, supuestos estadísticos y
efectos de su violación, interacciones, covariantes.
ANOVA (excelentre presentación)
Analyzing Data with GraphPad Prism (selección ANOVAs;
alternativas no paramétricas)
[pdf]
Ejemplo
de distribución de datos y desvío de la normalidad [pdf]
Analyzing Data with GraphPad Prism [página 35
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) - Planned Comparisons
Multiple Comparisons for
ANOVA Designs
Post Hoc Tests;
Duncan's
new multiple range test
Ejemplos: [pdf] [pdf] [pdf] [pdf] [pdf]
StatSoft – ANCOVA y más (paralelismo)
The mistreatment of covariate interaction terms
in linear model analyses of behavioural and evolutionary ecology studies
Ejemplos: [pdf] [pdf] [pdf] [pdf] [pdf]
ANOVA Designs - Part I Randomized Complete Block
Design
Randomised block and latin square designs
Ejemplos: [pdf] [pdf] [pdf] [pdf] [pdf]
REPEATED MEASURES MODELS y presentación
Repeated-Measures ANOVA with two trials plus a
between-subjects effect
Ejemplos: [pdf] [pdf] [pdf] [pdf] [pdf]
Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
Multivariate Analysis of Variance
MANOVA:
aproximación no paramétrica [pdf]
Ejemplos: [pdf] [pdf] [pdf] [pdf]
MODELOS MIXTOS;
EFECTOS ALEATORIOS
Distinguishing Between Random and
Fixed: Variables, Effects, and Coefficients
Two Factor Anova. When Some Efects are RANDOM
Variance Components and Mixed Model
ANOVA/ANCOVA
Ejemplos: [pdf] [pdf] [pdf] [pdf]
PATH ANALYSIS
Exploratory
path analysis with applications in ecology and evolution
Path Analysis
& Structural
Equation Modeling
STATISTICA -
Structural Equation Modeling
MÉTODO
COMPARADO EN ECOLOGIA EVOLUTIVA
Presentación del Método Comparado
El Método Comparativo en Biología Evolutiva – J.A. Díaz
Phylogenies
and the comparative method: A general approach to incorporating phylogenetic information into the anlaysis
of interspecific data – E. Martins
Phylogenetic Analysis and Comparative Data: A Test and
Review of Evidence
Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative data
Phylogenetic analyses of the correlated evolution of
continuous characters
The phylogenetic regression – [web del autor]
Phylogenetic EigenVector
Regression [pdf] [pdf]
Principal Coordinates Ordination – MVSP
(programa) [link]
– Presentación [link]
CONTAGIO
ESPACIAL
Spatial autocorrelation:
trouble or new paradigm? – P. Legendre
Partición de la varianza entre distintas componentes (ejemplos) [pdf]
Autocorrelación
espacial y ecología geográfica
¿Preocupación y
alerta excesiva con la autocorrelación espacial?